What is a Dynamic Risk Assessment? Process, Examples & When to Use

Workplaces today are fast-moving and constantly evolving. Even with strong safety measures in place, situations can change suddenly, such as an equipment failure, a shift in weather conditions, or unpredictable behaviour from a member of the public. In moments like these, employees and supervisors must be able to make quick, informed decisions to stay safe. Relying only on planned or formal/static risk assessments is not always enough, particularly in environments where hazards develop rapidly.

Dynamic Risk Assessment (DRA) is an extremely useful tool when things go wrong. Dynamic risk assessments are assessments that are performed on the spot and help workers assess new hazards as they arise, select control measures and act immediately to prevent accidents or injuries. The majority of industries that utilise

DRA operate in high-risk environments and has a potential for rapid changes, i.e., construction, health care (NHS), production, warehousing, emergency services, security, and service providers. This article will explain what a DRA is, why it is important, how it differs from other types of risk assessments, what situations create the need for a DRA, provide examples from various industries, and provide a step-by-step guide to performing a DRA.

What is a Dynamic Risk Assessment?

A Dynamic Risk Assessment (DRA) is a rapid, real-time process of identifying and evaluating new or changed hazards during a task, and making immediate decisions to reduce risk and prevent harm. Unlike a formal risk assessment, which is planned and documented before work begins, a dynamic risk assessment is carried out on the spot, often when unexpected situations arise.

The concept of dynamic risk assessment is particularly useful in settings where the level of risk is subject to variation and where people need to make quick decisions to manage that risk. A dynamic risk assessment will allow a person to:

• Identify changing environmental factors and/or work activities
• Stop and evaluate how the current risk has changed
• Select appropriate control strategies
• Implement measures as soon as possible that will prevent accidents and injuries.

An example is that NHS staff utilise dynamic risk assessments when interacting with unpredictable behaviours from patients, respond to medical conditions that are changing, and in crises involving aggression or sudden deterioration. In these cases, it is impossible to wait for a formal review, and therefore, a decision must be made immediately in order to keep all individuals safe.

Difference Between Formal, Informal and Dynamic Risk Assessments

Different types of risk assessment are used depending on the situation. Understanding the differences helps organisations apply the right approach at the right time.

Formal Risk Assessment

The formal risk assessment process represents the structured, planned evaluation of identified risks that an employer/organiser undertakes prior to starting work. The process involves documenting and approving all necessary paperwork as required by the legislation or workplace policy. In addition to the documentation of all previous assessments and the events that caused the risk to change, the evaluation will also incorporate the identification of hazards, evaluation of risk levels, identification of safety controls, implementation of safeguards and actions taken.

Trained employees, such as assessors, managers, safety officers, etc., conduct the formal assessment to help employers/organisers develop a comprehensive plan for implementing safety controls at their workplaces over an extended period.

Informal Risk Assessment

The informal risk assessment is the informal evaluation of risks made by employees while performing their day-to-day tasks. This assessment is based on an employee’s personal judgement and their previous experiences, and it will involve making decisions about safety based on the Individual’s own judgement without completing formal documentation associated with the risk assessment.

Dynamic Risk Assessment

A Dynamic Risk Assessment is a risk assessment that has the structure of a formal risk assessment but is conducted quickly and “in the moment” in response to unexpected circumstances, such as a hazard or risk that has suddenly developed into a serious situation.

Comparison Table

Type	When Used	Who performs it	Advantages	Limitations
Formal Risk Assessment	Planned before work starts	Safety managers/supervisors	Detailed, documented, legally compliant	Not suitable for rapidly changing situations
Informal Risk Assessment	Daily decisions and routine tasks	Any worker	Quick, based on experience	Can be inconsistent or subjective
Dynamic Risk Assessment	Real-time, during unexpected changes	Workers/supervisors on site	Fast response, prevents immediate risks, improves safety culture	Not a substitute for formal planning; must be documented afterwards

The Key Importance and Benefits of Dynamic Risk Assessment

Dynamic Risk Assessment (DRA) is a real-time, on-site method for identifying and evaluating hazards that materialise during the performance of a task. This approach gives workers the opportunity to immediately adapt to the changing environment and take the necessary steps to mitigate risks and prevent any adverse occurrences. In contrast to previous risk assessments, which were done before the occurrence of a hazard, DRAs allow for the continuous evaluation of risks based on the current state of the environment as they arise, thus making DRAs a critical tool to use in many industries in which hazards arise unpredictably.

Some of the Most Important and Helpful reasons that DRA’s Are Critical Tools:

1. Real Time Decision-Making and Adaptability
   Perhaps the most important benefit of DRA is that it provides workers with the ability to make decisions in real-time and to have the flexibility to make those decisions as conditions change. In many industries where environments can change quickly, including construction, health care and emergency services, static assessments can become outdated within a short time frame. However, through the use of DRA’s, workers are provided with continuous real-time feedback on their decisions based on the conditions at the time that they make their decisions, thus reducing the likelihood that a worker will be injured or killed due to an occurrence that they did not anticipate.

2. Improved Safety and Incident Prevention
   By continuously monitoring and assessing hazards, dynamic risk assessments help prevent accidents before they occur. Workers are encouraged to stay alert and proactive, addressing risks as soon as they arise rather than waiting for a formal review. This proactive approach leads to improved safety outcomes and a reduction in near misses and injuries.

3. Empowering Workers, Especially Lone Workers
   The use of Dynamic Risk Assessment (DRA) enables employees to have the ability to assess situations and make independent decisions without being required to obtain pre-approval from their supervisors. This is especially important for lone workers who may be working in remote locations (such as construction sites) or have limited time to respond (such as in emergency medical situations). By allowing employees to take ownership of their safety, DRA increases employee safety by allowing them to quickly react to hazards.

4. Supports a Continuous Safety Culture
   In addition to helping manage individual workplace risks, DRA is also an important tool for creating a culture of safety within an organisation. When workers continually assess risk and act upon it, they will develop a sense of ownership for their safety and the safety of those around them. This culture encourages and supports compliance with health and safety regulations while increasing the importance of safety as an organisational value.

5. Adapts to Unpredictable Work Environments
   Many workers in the logistics, construction, and emergency services sectors work in environments that are constantly changing. Therefore, workers in these industries need to have the ability to assess and react to emergent risks without waiting for formal; consequently, DRA provides a way for organisations to consistently adapt to changing environmental conditions to maintain safe working conditions for all employees while limiting damage to equipment and property during those periods.

6. Reinforces Positive Safety Culture and Compliance
   Dynamic risk assessments not only contribute to a safer workplace but also support compliance with health and safety regulations. They ensure that workers remain vigilant and prepared to handle emergencies, even when conditions change rapidly. By implementing DRA, organisations can create a work environment that values safety and compliance, reinforcing these principles across all levels of the workforce.

What Factors May Lead to the Requirement for a Dynamic Risk Assessment?

There are several factors that may prompt the implementation of a dynamic risk assessment. These situations will arise when an unexpected hazard arises or when there are abrupt variations in the conditions of the work being performed at a given time, at which time the worker must stop his/her work, assess the situation, and determine what actions are most appropriate for controlling the risk he/she is exposed to.

Some typical examples include the following:

• Weather/environmental conditions experience sudden and drastic changes (e.g., high winds impacting scaffolding; poor visibility due to fog, rain, etc.).
• Malfunctions in equipment or other equipment failing unexpectedly.
• Conditions affecting the workforce, including the absence of an appropriately trained employee/supervisor;
• Behavioural unpredictability (especially typical of healthcare and other public contact roles);
• Emergency situations, incidents, or near misses;
• New/unfamiliar job locations of work;
• Working in or with the general public or other vulnerable/at-risk individuals;
• Changes to the physical layout or access to the work site; 
• Occurrence of unexpected hazards.

Therefore, throughout every task, a worker must continually evaluate his/her surroundings and identify principles of safety that apply to his/her work and determine whether any changes have occurred.

When Should a Dynamic Risk Assessment Be Used?

Dynamic risk assessments are crucial in environments where conditions can change suddenly and create new hazards. The table below highlights common industry scenarios where a DRA should be applied immediately:

Industry	Example Situations Requiring a Dynamic Risk Assessment
Construction	Scaffolding is becoming unstable due to the weather Crane movements near workers Ground or surface conditions are changing unexpectedly
Healthcare / NHS	Patient aggression, violence, or self-harm risk Sudden deterioration in the patient’s condition Medication handling or emergency medical response
Manufacturing	Machinery failure or unexpected stoppage  Detection of product or equipment defects affecting safety
Security & Events	Sudden unsafe crowd movement  Escalation to violent or aggressive behaviour
Logistics & Transport	Weather affecting visibility or road conditions  Vehicle or loading equipment malfunction

Key Reminder

Whenever a situation changes from the original planned conditions, a dynamic risk assessment must be carried out immediately to maintain safety and control newly emerging hazards.

How to Carry Out a Dynamic Risk Assessment: Step-by-Step Process

A reliable and widely used approach for dynamic risk assessments follows a clear five-step model: Observe → Assess → Decide → Act → Review → Documentation. This structured sequence helps workers respond quickly and confidently when conditions change on the job.

1. Observe

The first step is to continuously scan the environment and look for anything out of the ordinary. This could include new hazards such as damaged equipment, changes in weather, unusual behaviour, restricted visibility, or unexpected obstacles. Workers must remain alert throughout the activity, not just at the start, as new hazards may develop at any time.

2. Assess

Once a change or potential hazard is identified, the next step is to determine the level of risk. Consider how likely it is that harm could occur and how severe the consequences would be if the hazard is not controlled. At this stage, workers should judge whether the situation is manageable with immediate controls or if it poses a serious danger that requires stopping work.

3. Decide

After evaluating the risk, decide what action needs to be taken. This could involve applying existing safe working procedures, introducing temporary controls, or calling for assistance. The decision should prioritise protecting people first, preventing escalation, and ensuring practical solutions can be applied quickly.

4. Act

Implement the chosen control measure without delay. This may involve isolating the hazard, stopping equipment, evacuating an area, communicating instructions to others, or reporting the issue to a supervisor. Clarity and speed are essential to prevent injury or further risk.

5. Review

Once action has been taken, review its effectiveness by checking whether the risk has been fully controlled. If the hazard still exists or conditions keep changing, repeat the process and apply stronger measures if needed. The review step is crucial for continuous improvement and learning.

6. Document 

While dynamic risk assessments are typically done in real time and may not need a formal written record every time, recording key findings and decisions, especially for serious or complex hazards, can support organisational learning, accountability, and future planning. This aligns with good safety management practice and helps integrate dynamic assessments into broader health and safety systems.

Why This Model Works

This approach enables workers to make rapid but structured decisions under pressure, helping maintain control even in fast-moving or unpredictable situations. It also reinforces a proactive safety culture where individuals take responsibility for preventing harm rather than reacting after an incident. This five-step approach to dynamic risk assessment is effective because it:

1. Promotes Quick Decision-Making: The clear sequence allows workers to act swiftly in response to changing conditions, ensuring that decisions are made in real time without hesitation. This is crucial in fast-paced environments where every second counts.
2. Maintains Control in Unpredictable Situations: By following a structured model, workers can stay focused and calm, even when the environment is chaotic or hazards arise unexpectedly. The model provides a consistent process to guide actions, preventing confusion and helping to manage risks effectively.
3. Encourages Proactive Safety Practices: The model emphasises continuous observation and immediate assessment, encouraging workers to be constantly aware of their surroundings. This proactive approach reduces the likelihood of incidents before they occur, shifting focus from reactive measures to active prevention.
4. Builds Confidence and Accountability: When workers follow a systematic process, they gain confidence in their ability to handle changing risks. Moreover, the model encourages personal responsibility, as each individual is accountable for monitoring and mitigating risks on the spot.
5. Enhances Communication and Teamwork: The decision-making and action steps of the model foster collaboration and communication, ensuring that everyone on-site is aligned in their understanding of the situation and the actions being taken. This strengthens overall team coordination and response time.
6. Facilitates Continuous Improvement: The review step not only checks the effectiveness of actions taken but also encourages reflection. Workers and managers can identify areas for improvement, leading to better risk management practices over time.
7. Adapts to Any Work Environment: Whether on a construction site, in a factory, or during a high-risk outdoor activity, this model is flexible and can be applied to any dynamic environment. Its simplicity and adaptability make it suitable for a wide range of industries.

Dynamic Risk Assessment Example: Construction Site Scenario

On a construction site, a worker was getting ready to start installing roofing materials when suddenly the weather turned and increasing wind gusts sent parts and tools flying out of control. After assessing this new hazard and conducting a dynamic risk assessment, the worker realised that continuing to work on this initiative could result in potential injuries. The decision was made to stop work immediately, secure any loose objects, and notify their supervisor of the change in wind conditions. It was only upon returning to a safe wind level that an assessment was conducted to determine if it was safe to continue with the work. By acting quickly to assess changing conditions, this worker was able to avoid an incident that could have caused significant injury, providing clear evidence of how effective a Dynamic Risk Assessment is in protecting workers in real time.

Dynamic Risk Assessment Template

A dynamic risk assessment should always be recorded after the situation has been controlled. This helps maintain accountability, support legal compliance, and improve learning for future scenarios. Workers should document what changed, what decisions were made, and the controls put in place.

Below is a complete, fillable table that organisations can use:

Date /Time	location/Activity	New Hazard Identified	Who is at Risk?	Risk level(L/ M / H)	Immediate Control Measures Applied	Person responsible	Follow-Up/ Further Action Required	Review Completed By/ Date
12/03/225- 10:45 am	Loading area – Unloading materials	Wet surface due to rain	Loading team	M	Stopped work, applied grit salt, and placed warning signage	Site supervisor	Arrange canopy installation to prevent recurrence	Reviewed by H&S Manager – 13/03/25

How to Use This Template

• Identify the change and hazard that triggered the dynamic assessment.
• Record the risk level and actions taken immediately.
• Follow up with long-term measures to prevent recurrence.
  
• Share the record with the health and safety team for review.
  

Limitations of Dynamic Risk Assessment

Although DRA is of great benefit to employers, there are limitations when using DRA as a sole source for risk assessment planning.

• The worker’s personal judgment and experience heavily affect how DRA is performed. For example, the best DRA may not be done properly when workers are under stress or pressure. 
• Workers need adequate training and confidence to carry out DRA effectively. 
• A DRA assessment must be paired with documentation.
• When performing DRA in high-risk environments, other methods of performing assessments must be used in conjunction with DRA. 
• Not suitable as the only safety method in high-risk environments

Employers should use formal, informal, and Dynamic Assessment techniques to achieve the most comprehensive risk management possible.

Training and Skills Required to Perform DRA Effectively

Dynamic Risk Assessment (DRA) is a critical component of workplace safety. It is the systematic process of assessing risk when an operational shift occurs, but it should already have been completed before moving into a new or modified area of operation. There are three key components that need to be established prior to the DRA: safety awareness, situational/environmental awareness and the ability to make decisions under pressure.

Using these three key components, employees will be able to continuously observe their environment; this includes both what is physically present as well as current conditions that may change. Therefore, if an employee observes a possible hazard (something that could cause injury), they will be prepared to communicate that to their supervisor, coworkers or first responders, as the DRA will facilitate the exchange of safety information between all parties involved.

Situational/environmental awareness will enable employees to maintain situational awareness as they enter and move through the various operational shifts. Situational/environmental awareness and the ability to make decisions under pressure, when combined, enable the employee to apply the proper control(s) and/or correction measures quickly and effectively. In addition, familiarity with safe systems of work (SSW) and risk control strategies provides the employee with the tools needed to implement corrective action(s) immediately.

Continuous training is essential to develop employees’ confidence, competency and consistency. As a result, in the course of time, all employees will have the ability to take proactive measures to keep their work environment safe and comply with regulations.

Conclusion

The importance of dynamic risk assessment has increased in modern workplaces due to the constantly changing and dynamic nature of many industry environments. By integrating formal planned risk assessments with dynamic “real-time” decisions, organisations can eliminate or dramatically reduce the number of unsafe incidents, safeguard employees and provide a more robust culture of safety.

The use of structured processes, templates, continuous education and real-life applications allows workers to be prepared, confident and competent to make safe, effective decisions in the event of unexpected changes in the work environment.

Adopting a proactive approach to conducting dynamic risk assessments will help to increase workplace safety, improve compliance and enhance overall organisational performance.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a dynamic risk assessment in simple terms?

A dynamic risk assessment is a real-time evaluation of risks carried out during a task when new hazards appear unexpectedly. It helps workers decide quickly on safe actions.

What is a dynamic risk assessment example?

For example, if strong winds begin while working at height on a construction site, workers may pause the job, reassess the risk and decide to secure equipment or stop work until it is safe.

What is a dynamic risk assessment NHS?

In the NHS, dynamic risk assessments help healthcare staff respond to unpredictable patient situations, such as aggression or sudden medical deterioration, to protect both the patient and staff.

Is dynamic risk assessment the same as formal risk assessment?

No. A formal risk assessment is planned and documented in advance, while a dynamic risk assessment happens in real time when new hazards emerge. Both complement each other.